April 2018 airstrikes against syrian chemicalweapons facilities. Since then, more than 11 million people have been forced from their homes, including around 7 million people within syria and more than 4 million who are now refugees abroad, mostly in turkey, lebanon and jordan. Triggers, dynamics and prospects stephan rosiny on 17 december 2010, the selfimmolation of tunisian vegetable vendor mohammed bouazizi sparked the arab spring. Syria simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. During the arab spring, alqaradawi expressed his support for dohas policies in libya, syria and bahrain on a number of occasions. As the revolts were for similar economic and political reasons in a similar population, they present excellent case studies. The civil resistance and social networks were typical of all these eruptions. To accomplish this, the arab spring revolutions in morocco, tunisia, egypt, and syria will be used as a case study. Analysis of the arab spring 3 blunders in state response, in particular using a heavyhanded approach and trying to crush opposition, had the reverse effect of galvanising more people to join the protests icg, 2011b and 2011d. Arab spring in syria and the reevaluation of political actions of turkey in the. Irans role in the arab spring of libya, by iakovos alhadeff.
The real background to syria and the arab spring wake up world. A bumpy road ahead pdf by hassan hakimian, director of the london middle east institute and reader, economics department, soas underscores the underlying importance of the economic conditions facing the new republics, such as egypt and tunisia, which are emerging as a result of the arab spring. To politically analyze the neverending arab spring, is a difficult task today as the arab spring continues to evolve and change by daily events. The arab spring and the emergence of the syrian crisis. The attention on escalation of tensions between bashar alassads government and. Syria was part of the united arab republic with egypt in 19581961. One of the primary influences that have been highlighted in the analysis of the arab spring is the relative strength or weakness of a societys formal and informal institutions prior to the revolts. Arab spring stateautocollapse shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a, a, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute. Libyas second revolution by maryjane deeb the uprising that wasnt supposed to happen.
At the heart of the conflict, of course, lies the israelipalestinian struggle over mandatory. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way. The armed forces played a decisive role in many of the arab uprisings, particularly the early ones. However the emphasis is on the libyan arab spring and the toppling of the libyan dictator muammar qaddafi in 2011. Pdf arab spring as a background of civil war in syria. Five years after the start of the arab uprisings, mainstream islamist groups find themselves between what has been termed the twin shocks of the arab spring. What the arab spring means for israel and palestine the west bank has yet to see a democracy movement on the level of those sparking dramatic changes in egypt, tunisia and libya. Download pdf save cite this item table of contents. Tens of thousands of refugees from syria have also fled to europe, often risking their lives in the process. April 2018 airstrikes against syrian chemicalweapons. Egypt and then libya, jordan, morocco, bahrain, syria, and beyond, shook the political. The reasons and economic and political consequences of.
April, 17, 2011syrian protesters shouts slogans calling for president bashar assad to step down during a protest to express solidarity with syrian people in front of the syrian embassy in. That is what we are seeing, and syria is just another step in a longplanned series of countries being hijacked and taken over, with the arab spring as the front, the excuse and the cover. These 15 testimonies from injured people and doctors from across syria were collected by medecins sans frontieresdoctors without borders. Turkey and qatar which supported the popular uprisings of the arab. Momani bessma arab spring a genuine revolutionary movement. Arab spring research guide and notes sheet introduction. The arab spring jason marshall introduction the arab spring is a blanket term to cover a multitude of uprisings and protests in the middle east that began in the winter of 2010 and continue today. The arab spring has been a fundamental event in the arab world and yet among middle. The area bordering the mediterranean is fairly green. This study sets out to examine if machiavellian, realpolitik, style repression of unrest by autocratic regimes is still a viable tactic.
The demands of the syrian people were political reforms, a reinstatement of civil rights and an end to the state of emergency, which had been in place since 1963. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in tunisia noueihed, 2011. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. Other arab countries experiencing popular protests arab spring countries were referenced far more. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. Libya and egypt, known as arab spring, on the situation in syria was described. The coup in egypt in july 20 was a turning point with turkey and key.
The president could lawfully direct airstrikes on facilities associated with syrias chemical. The reasons and economic and political consequences of arab. Avicious circle of mutually reinforcing negative repercussions muriel asseburg protests, revolts and the fall of decadesold leaderships have brought about political openings and the chance, at. The spring of 2011 produced a wave of demonstrations and revolution in the arab world. The arab spring and its unintended effects in syria. Within a few months, a wave of protest had swept away the despots of tunisia, egypt and libya. In the paper the reasons of outbreak of conflict in syria at the background of social and political situation of the arab world at the beginning of 21st century were presented. Pdf in the paper the reasons of outbreak of conflict in syria at the background of social and political situation of the. Has the wave of popular revolts rocking the arab world finally reached syria, one of the regions most policed states, a country its young president boasted was immune from calls for freedom, democracy and accountable government. In the flood of newspaper articles, media documentaries, online blogs, youtube postings, and scholarly articles that followed the rebellions and worldwide protests in 20112012, there is however a remarkable feature of the protests that has remained mostly unrecognized, untheorized, and certainly not analyzed comparatively this was the salient. The situation began to change after world war ii, when, flush with vic. The organization, or alliance of youth movements, would later be described admitting to us funding and involvement in the arab spring uprisings. The arab spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the middle east and north. In december 2010, protests began against the autocratic government in the northern african country of tunisia.
Thus, the measures taken by syria in july 2010 to curb the use of the muslim facial veil and recently overturned were not reported in. This part of the research focuses on the root causes and consequences of the arab spring that affected tunisia, egypt, libya and syria. The arab spring arrived in syria, and protests began on january 26, 2011. Arab spring in syria the middle east is a region which has been rife with violence and political upheaval since its original inhabitation millennia ago. The influence of displeasure explosion against governments in tunisia, libya and egypt, known as arab spring, on the situation in syria was described. Israel, the arab spring, syria, egypt, the middle east, the arabisraeli conflict introduction the arabisraeli conflict is one of the longest and bloodiest clashes the world has witnessed since the end of world war ii. Jihad barely appears at all during 2011, in line with the framing of the struggle as a civic uprising against an autocratic regime. This part of the research focuses on the root causes and consequences of the arab spring that. Syria had some wars with israel and some territories like the golan plateau were occupied by israel. Steven heydemann is a nonresident senior fellow in the center for middle east policy and the janet wright ketcham 53 chair of middle east studies at smith college. The attention on escalation of tensions between bashar alassads government and opposition as a source of civil war in syria was paid.
Beginning in december, 2010 revolutions swept through tunisia, egypt, libya, bahrain, syria and yemen. The event set off uprisings across north africa and the. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012. Arab spring as a background of civil war in syria in. These 15 testimonies from injured people and doctors. Tracing the flows of protest, resistance, and counterrevolution in every one of the countries affected by this epochal changefrom morocco to iraq and syria to sudanthe contributors provide groundlevel reports and new ways of teaching about and understanding the middle east in general, and contextualizing the social upheavals and political. One of the organizations involved in recruiting, training, and supporting youth activists ahead of the arab spring was described in an april 2011 new york times article. Qaddafi was a very strongheaded dictator and somehow he managed to bring everyone against him during the arab spring of libya. France controlled syria until 1946 when syria became its own country.
Such state of affairs requires careful reading and reaction from the international community, especially in a period of economic crisis and widespread differentlymotivated social disturbances. Syria and the future of authoritarianism journal of. Despite syrias sunni arab majority, the assad family constructed a fortyyear dynasty on the foundation of alawites in the countrys. They also wanted more democracy, and end to corruption, and economic opportunity. Syria was always going to be a tough nut for prodemocracy activists to crack. The popular protests resulted in changes in office in egypt, tunisia and libya whereas in syria the regime remained in power despite strong popular uprising and ongoing civil war. Noted authorities writing specifically for this volume contribute chapters focusing on. Pdf when the arab spring reached syria, its pharaoh, bashar alassad, was in no mood to give up easily.
Peoples who desire power over others have used force and violence in order to subvert the civil rights of others and expand their dominion over more land. In 2012 with the arab spring a bloody civil war began against president bashar alassad geography. Arab spring, arab awakening, middle east, civil war, democratisation. Pdf how did syrias conflict interact with the broader wave of regional protest known as the arab spring. Users may download andor print one copy of any articles in.
In the flood of newspaper articles, media documentaries, online blogs, youtube postings, and scholarly articles that followed the rebellions and worldwide protests in 20112012, there is however a remarkable feature of the protests that has remained mostly unrecognized, untheorized, and certainly not analyzed comparatively. Arab spring reshapes the tourism and hospitality industry in the middle east research structure arab spring importance of tourism in the effected regions negative impacts of arab spring on the tourism sector of the middle eastern region selection of keywords egypt tunisia syria yemen recommendations for further research the arab spring reshapes the tourism and hospitality industry in the. Dispatches from the arab springis an unparalleled introduction to the changing middle east and offers the most comprehensive and accurate account to date of the uprisings that profoundly. Arab springstateautocollapse shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a, a, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute. The syrian crisis began in 2011 as another arab spring. The reasons and economic and political consequences of arab spring 43 egypt, where arab spring lasted longer, is one of the largest countries in africa with its advantages such as its location, tourism revenues and logistics moaddel, 2012. What the arab spring means for israel and palestine. This guide lists online and print sources for what has become known as the arab spring, the popular revolutionary wave in the middle east and north africa that started in december 2010. The integration of syria s conflict with the arab uprisings, 201120 article pdf available in research and politics october 2014 with 1,2 reads. The revolution of syria during the arab spring was also known as the syrian civil war, or the syrian uprising. Along with egypt, the syrian uprising began in the early spring of 2011, with uprising against their president bashar alassads government. The small but wealthy gulf state of qatar is striving to adopt a leading role in the arab world, and has readjusted its foreign policy in the wake of the arab spring. Marxist circles and parties set up in the arab world with moscows help had little influence, and local liberation movements did not depend on the bolsheviks. This paper argues that we ought to understand the arab spring as transformative revolutionary movement, but one that will be faced with numerous bumps in the road ahead.
Israel, the arab spring, syria, egypt, the middle east, the arab israeli conflict introduction the arab israeli conflict is one of the longest and bloodiest clashes the world has witnessed since the end of world war ii. The arab spring unexpectedly developed in late 2010 with peaceful protests in a number of arab countries against longstanding, entrenched regimes, and rapid political change across the region ensued. This file is licensed under the creative commons attribution 3. This is a sequence of events that has been long planned.
This booklet examines two incidents of the arab spring. From revolution to civil war 78 zones and does not tightly define civil war versus other intrastate conflict. This concept of a threat multiplier is a helpful way to think about climate change and security more broadly. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the strongest military state in north africa region. In syria, for instance, as femia and werrell tell us, a. Across the arab world, militaries have played a key role in determining. April, 17, 2011syrian protesters shouts slogans calling for president bashar assad to. Egyptian military is not only in charge of the defence of the country but also. Jun 16, 2011 what the arab spring means for israel and palestine the west bank has yet to see a democracy movement on the level of those sparking dramatic changes in egypt, tunisia and libya.
The real background to syria and the arab spring wake up. Arab spring simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. When the arab spring began, tunisia had an established infrastructure and a lower level of petty corruption than did other states, such as libya. A year of revolution a year ago, a tunisian fruitseller set himself on fire after being humiliated by a police officer. Hundreds of thousands of tunisians took to the streets calling for an end to authoritarian rule. Change and resistance in the middle east examines these revolutions and their aftermath. The presidents direction was consistent with many others taken by prior presidents, who. Mar 18, 2017 the arab spring unexpectedly developed in late 2010 with peaceful protests in a number of arab countries against longstanding, entrenched regimes, and rapid political change across the region ensued. Protests occurred on a large scale in algeria, jordan, morocco and oman. The arab spring is portrayed a spontaneous rebellion against oppression and tyranny, but syria is just another in a series of countries hijacked by the west. Irans role in the arab spring of libya, by iakovos.
Disturbances have ranged from protests to full civil war and. Middle east studies online journal download the full paper pdf. The arab spring and the emergence of the syrian crisis springerlink. The arab spring of oman and the arab spring of libya.